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A1C & diabetes research

A bibliography of peer-reviewed literature that informs the content on this site.

Below is a partial bibliography of scientific literature related to A1C and diabetes that informs the content on this site. Where possible, we've linked to the original publication or its abstract on PubMed.

The list below begins with recent landmark trials shaping current treatment, followed by foundational literature from the past several decades.

  1. L. J. Aronne et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med 393(1):26-36 (2025). [SURMOUNT-5 trial — first head-to-head comparison showing 20.2% vs 13.7% weight loss at 72 weeks.]
  2. P. N. Newsome et al. Phase 3 Trial of Semaglutide in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 392(21):2089-2099 (2025). [ESSENCE trial — 62.9% achieved MASH resolution on semaglutide 2.4 mg vs 34.3% on placebo at 72 weeks.]
  3. A. Malhotra et al. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. N Engl J Med 391:1193-1205 (2024). [SURMOUNT-OSA trials — basis for Zepbound's 2024 FDA approval for moderate-to-severe OSA in adults with obesity.]
  4. A. M. Lincoff et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. N Engl J Med 389:2221-2232 (2023). [SELECT trial — 20% reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events with semaglutide 2.4 mg in 17,604 adults with prior CVD but no diabetes.]
  5. S. Uhl et al. Effectiveness of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Metrics of Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 109(4):1119-1131 (2024). [Meta-analysis confirming CGM use lowers A1C and improves time-in-range across T2D populations.]
  6. A. J. Rose et al. Does Opioid Therapy Affect Quality of Care for Diabetes Mellitus? Am J Manag Care 15(4):217-224 (2009).
  7. J. Liu et al. Tumor suppressor p53 and metabolism. J Mol Cell Biol 11(4):284-292 (2019).
  8. Che-Pei Kung and M. E. Murphy. The role of the p53 tumor suppressor in metabolism and diabetes. J Endocrinol 231(2):R61-R75 (2016).
  9. Chantal Mathieu et al. Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin in Patients With Inadequately Controlled Type 1 Diabetes (the DEPICT-2 Study). Diabetes Care 41(9):1938-1946 (2018).
  10. C. J. Currie et al. Survival as a Function of HbA1c in People With Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Lancet 375:481-489 (2010).
  11. S. Arnold et al. Further improvement in postprandial glucose control with addition of exenatide or sitagliptin to combination therapy with insulin glargine and metformin. Diabetes Care 33(7):1509-1515 (2010).
  12. W. Duckworth et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 360:129-139 (2009).
  13. A. S. Adams et al. Medication adherence and racial differences in A1C control. Diabetes Care 31(5):916-921 (2008).
  14. Y. J. Cheng et al. Association of A1C and Fasting Plasma Glucose Levels With Diabetic Retinopathy Prevalence in the U.S. Population. Diabetes Care 32:2027-2032 (2009).
  15. J. J. Holst et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists: targeting both hyperglycaemia and disease processes in diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 85:1-3 (2009).
  16. M. E. Halkos et al. Elevated preoperative hemoglobin A1c level is predictive of adverse events after coronary artery bypass surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 136:631-640 (2008).
  17. S. Joo et al. Habitual snoring is associated with elevated hemoglobin A1c levels in non-obese middle-aged adults. J Sleep Res 15(4):437-444 (2006).
  18. G. A. Herman et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of the oral DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin in middle-aged obese subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 46:876-886 (2006).
  19. J. J. Fenton et al. Quality of preventive care for diabetes: effects of visit frequency and competing demands. Ann Fam Med 4:32-39 (2006).
  20. E. Bonora et al. Prevalence and correlates of post-prandial hyperglycaemia in a large sample of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 49:846-854 (2006).
  21. M. Lankisch et al. Basal insulin and oral antihyperglycemic therapy (BOT) plus a single dose of insulin glulisine. Diabetes 55 Suppl 1, Abstract 514-P (2006).
  22. D. M. Nathan et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm. Diabetes Care 29:1963-1972 (2006).
  23. R. J. Heine et al. Exenatide versus insulin glargine in patients with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med 143:559-569 (2005).
  24. R. Gianani and G. S. Eisenbarth. The stages of type 1A diabetes. Immunol Rev 204(1):232-249 (2005).
  25. R. H. A. Becker et al. Insulin glulisine, a new rapid-acting insulin analogue. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 113:435-443 (2005).
  26. J. Rosenstock et al. Inhaled insulin improves glycemic control when substituted for or added to oral combination therapy in type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med 143:549-558 (2005).
  27. D. Edelman et al. Utility of hemoglobin A1c in predicting diabetes risk. J Gen Intern Med 19:1175-1180 (2004).
  28. M. T. Sheehan. Current therapeutic options in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Med Res 1:189-200 (2003).
  29. R. Derr et al. Is HbA1c Affected by Glycemic Instability? Diabetes Care 26:2728-2733 (2003).
  30. C. L. Rohlfing et al. Defining the relationship between plasma glucose and HbA1c. Diabetes Care 25:275-278 (2002).
  31. M. Chandalia et al. Beneficial Effects of High Dietary Fiber Intake in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. N Engl J Med 342:1392-1398 (2000).
  32. J. Sidarov et al. Disease Management for Diabetes Mellitus: Impact on Hemoglobin A1C. Am J Manag Care 6(11):1217-1226 (2000).
  33. J. A. Karjalainen et al. A Bovine albumin peptide as a possible trigger of Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 327:302-307 (1992).
  34. A. G. Bertoni. Achieving control of diabetic risk factors in primary care settings. Am J Manag Care 7(4):411-421 (2001).
  35. J. S. Schwartz et al. Glycosylated hemoglobin assays in the management and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 101:710-713 (1984).
  36. H. Rochman. Hemoglobin A1c and Diabetes Mellitus. Ann Clin Lab Sci 10(2):111-115 (1980).
  37. R. Dolhofer and O. Wieland. Increased glycosylation of serum albumin in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 24:417-422 (1980).
  38. H. Bunn et al. The glycosylation of hemoglobin: relevance to diabetes mellitus. Science 200(4337):21-27 (1978).
  39. X. Zhang et al. A1C Level and Future Risk of Diabetes: A Systematic Review. Diabetes Care 33(7):1665-1673 (2010).

Reviewed by Ben Bird. Last updated: April 2026

Site content is for general education and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.